Today's business climate is one of mergers and acquisitions, though those mergers don't always meet with the approval of governments interested in enforcing antitrust laws (see here for a brief refresher on antitrust).
In class, we'll take a look at Microsoft and their troubles in the EU.
The BBC article deals with a proposed merger that's been going on for a while now. Like a lot of these, it goes beyond the merely complex.
NYSE Euronext is a merger (dating back to 2007 or so) of the New York Stock Exchange and Euronext, which was itself a merger of a number of European exchanges (not, however, including either London or Frankfort).
At one point, Deutsche Börse (Germany, based in Frankfort) wanted to buy Euronext, but was beaten out by the NYSE.
So, in early 2011, Deutsche Börse decided that they were going to acquire NYSE Euronext. At the time, the expectation was that the merger would happen fairly quickly. Per a Wall Street Journal article from a year ago:
A deal could be announced as early as next week, according to people familiar with the situation, though a host of regulatory challenges await on both sides of the Atlantic, according to competition experts.Well, the deal isn't going to go through. The European Commission announced yesterday that the merger would violate EU antitrust provisions.
But, the US didn't have a problem with the merger, approving it in December of 2011.
The difference between the EU and the US is that EU regulators appear to be somewhat more aggressive in their enforcement of antitrust. For example:
The day after blocking the merger of NYSE Euronext (NYX) and Deutsche Boerse AG (DB1), the European Union’s antitrust chief vowed to veto other deals that hamper competition. The EU will continue to block deals “whenever necessary,”So, what does this all mean? There will most likely be additional consolidations in the world's markets; the London Metal Exchange is looking to be bought out soon. It does mean that, as a company looking to raise money in the equities market, that there'll be less choice as to where to list one's stock. Does that matter? In reading through the EU's press release on the NYSE Euronext / Deutsche Börse merger, they keep saying "competition is good," but it's not clear just why competition among financial marketplaces is a good thing.
Joaquin Almunia said in prepared remarks for a speech in Brussels today.
Ok. Having nothing else to do, I decided to see if I could find out why. What I found was a very long and complex paper written by academic economists in 1998. I ran out of steam on about page 6 (out of 50), but if I'm reading this right, there's no good economic reason for a lot of competition. Also, prior to a single European currency and increased cross-border ownership of securtities, most world exchanges were already monopolies within their countries:
The presence of many exchanges in reality is not incompatible with this view, as exchanges were not competing with one another, at least in Europe, until a decade ago, due to different regulations and currencies that let them be monopolist in their relevant markets. In fact, in each country, either only one exchange existed or only one was dominant and absorbed the small regional ones (as in France, Italy, Spain, and Germany).Today's story has been widely reported, but the more I think about it, the impact on businesses in general will most likely be a limited one. It's still an interesting story, especially when you look at the history behind it.
